customary behavior

1) (something which a person does usually or regularly: the habit of going for a walk before bed; an irritating habit of interrupting.) hábito, costumbre

2) (a tendency to do the same things that one has always done: I did it out of habit.) hábito, costumbre

3) (clothes: a monk's habit.) hábito

•

- habitual

habit n costumbre

tr['hæbɪt]

noun

1 (custom) hábito, costumbre nombre femenino

2 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL (garment) hábito

\

to be in the habit of tener la costumbre de

to get into the habit of coger la costumbre de, acostumbrarse a

to get out of the habit of perder la costumbre de

bad habit vicio, mala costumbre nombre femenino

habit ['hæbɪt] n

1) custom: hábito m, costumbre f

2) : hábito m (de un monje o una religiosa)

3) addiction: dependencia f, adicción f

• costumbre s.f.

• hábito s.m.

• uso s.m.

1)

a) c ( usual piece of behavior) costumbre f, hábito m; ( bad) vicio m, mala costumbre f, mal hábito m

b) u ( customary behavior) costumbre f

c) u (dependence on nicotine, drugs)

2) c ( Clothing) hábito m

['hæbɪt]

1) (=customary behaviour) costumbre f

2) (=dress) [of monk] hábito m ; (=riding habit) traje m de montar

* * *

1)

a) c ( usual piece of behavior) costumbre f, hábito m; ( bad) vicio m, mala costumbre f, mal hábito m

b) u ( customary behavior) costumbre f

c) u (dependence on nicotine, drugs)

2) c ( Clothing) hábito m

1 habitual (costumbre, respuesta).

es habitual it's not uncommon, it's normal

lo habitual es dejar propina it is usual o customary to leave a tip

lo habitual en un caso así es llamar a la policía in a case like this you would normally call the police

2 chronic.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 usual, habitual, customary

2 (asiduo) regular

* * *

* * *

ADJ (=acostumbrado) habitual, customary, usual; [cliente, lector] regular; [criminal] hardened

SMF [de bar, tienda] regular

* * *

adjetivo <sitio/hora> usual; <cliente/lector> regular

* * *

= commonplace, chronic, customary, habitualized, inveterate, prevalent, hardened, habitual.

Ex. Microfilm and microfiche formats are now commonplace in most libraries.

Ex. Stress is an inescapable fact of life and the reason one of every four persons suffers from chronic stress response is because people waste time.

Ex. What I'm getting at is this: At least in the CIP entry that I have seen, LC, following customary practice, made a title entry for the main title, 'Women in Librarianship', but nothing under Melvil's 'Rib Symposium'.

Ex. Habitualized actions, they further suggest, become embedded in human behavior and provide the psychological gain of narrowing choices.

Ex. As an inveterate user of the British Museum Library he was able to confirm that 'a library is not worth anything without a catalogue'.

Ex. Pre-co-ordinate indexes are particular prevalent as printed indexes.

Ex. There is a shift from considering children as innocent victims to viewing them as hardened criminals on a par with adults who commit similar acts.

Ex. A new study confirms that male gender, obesity, and weight gain are key determinants of habitual snoring in the adult population.

----

* cliente habitual = habitué.

* como es habitual = as always.

* de un modo habitual = as a matter of routine.

* normas habituales = standard practices.

* poco habitual = unaccustomed.

* ser algo habitual = become + a common feature, be a fact of life.

* ser habitual = be customary.

* * *

adjetivo <sitio/hora> usual; <cliente/lector> regular

* * *

* * *

‹sitio/hora› usual; ‹cliente/lector› regular

soy un oyente habitual de su programa I'm a regular listener to your program

respondió con su habitual ironía he replied with his customary o habitual o usual irony

1 (asiduo) regular, habitué ( frml)

2 (en cine, diario, TV) regular

* * *

* * *

habitual adj

es habitual it's not uncommon, it's normal;

el mal humor es habitual en él he's more often than not in a bad mood;

lo habitual es dejar propina it is usual o customary to leave a tip;

lo habitual en un caso así es llamar a la policía in a case like this you would normally call the police

* * *

I adj usual, regular

II m/f regular

* * *

habitual adj

: habitual, customary

♦ habitualmente adv

* * *

habitual adj

1. (usual) usual

2. (cliente, visitante, etc) regular

mos, mōris, m. [etym. dub.; perh. root ma-, measure; cf.: maturus, matutinus; prop., a measuring or guiding rule of life; hence], manner, custom, way, usage, practice, fashion, wont, as determined not by the laws, but by men's will and pleasure, humor, self-will, caprice (class.; cf.: consuetudo, usus).

Lit.:

opsequens oboediensque'st mori atque imperiis patris,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 54:

huncine erat aequum ex illius more, an illum ex hujus vivere?

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 24: alieno more vivendum est mihi, according to the will or humor of another, id. And. 1, 1, 125:

nonne fuit levius dominae pervincere mores,

Prop. 1, 17, 15: morem alicui gerere, to do the will of a person, to humor, gratify, obey him:

sic decet morem geras,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 35; Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17:

animo morem gessero,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 17:

adulescenti morem gestum oportuit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 6; v. gero.—

The will as a rule for action, custom, usage, practice, wont, habit:

leges mori serviunt,

usage, custom, Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 36:

legi morique parendum est,

Cic. Univ. 11:

ibam forte Viā Sacrā, sicut meus est mos,

custom, wont, Hor. S. 1, 9, 1:

contra morem consuetudinemque civilem,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:

quae vero more agentur institutisque civilibus,

according to usage, according to custom, id. ib.:

mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus excellere,

id. Brut. 21, 84:

ut mos est,

Juv. 6, 392;

moris erat quondam servare, etc.,

id. 11, 83:

more sinistro,

by a perverted custom, id. 2, 87.— So with ut:

morem traditum a patribus, ut, etc.,

Liv. 27, 11, 10:

hunc morem servare, ut, etc.,

id. 32, 34, 5:

virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,

it is the custom, they are accustomed, Verg. A. 1, 336:

qui istic mos est?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 1:

mos ita rogandi,

Cic. Fam. 12, 17, 1:

ut mos fuit Bithyniae regibus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27: moris est, it is the custom:

negavit, moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 26, § 66; Vell. 2, 37, 5:

quae moris Graecorum non sint,

Liv. 36, 28, 4; cf.:

(aliquid) satis ex more Graecorum factum,

id. 36, 28, 5:

ut Domitiano moris erat,

Tac. Agr. 39.— Plur.:

id quoque morum Tiberii erat,

Tac. A. 1, 80:

praeter civium morem,

contrary to custom, to usage, Ter. And. 5, 3, 9: sine more, unwonted, unparalleled:

facinus sine more,

Stat. Th. 1, 238; so,

nullo more,

id. ib. 7, 135:

supra morem: terra supra morem densa,

unusually, Verg. G. 2, 227 (cf.:

supra modum): perducere aliquid in morem,

to make into a custom, make customary, Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 162:

quod jam in morem venerat, ut, etc.,

had become customary, Liv. 42, 21, 7.—

In partic., in a moral point of view, conduct, behavior; in plur., manners, morals, character; in a good or bad sense:

est ita temperatis moderatisque moribus, ut summa severitas summā cum humanitate jungatur,

manners, Cic. Fam. 12, 27, 1:

suavissimi mores,

id. Att. 16, 16, A, 6: boni, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 254, 8.—Prov.:

corrumpunt mores bonos colloquia mala,

Vulg. 1 Cor. 15, 33:

justi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 43, 184:

severi et pudici,

Plin. 28, 8, 27, § 106:

sanctissimi,

Plin. Ep. 10, 20, 3: feri immanisque natura, Cic. Rosc. [p. 1168] Am. 13, 38:

totam vitam, naturam moresque alicujus cognoscere,

character, id. ib. 38, 109:

eos esse M'. Curii mores, eamque probitatem, ut, etc.,

id. Fam. 13, 17, 3; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

mores disciplinamque alicujus imitari,

id. Deiot. 10, 28:

perditi,

id. Fam. 2, 5, 2:

praefectura morum,

the supervision of the public morals, Suet. Caes. 76:

moribus et caelum patuit,

to good morals, virtue, Prop. 4 (5), 11, 101:

amator meretricis mores sibi emit auro et purpurā,

polite behavior, complaisance, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 128:

propitiis, si per mores nostros liceret, diis,

i. e. our evil way of life, Tac. H. 3, 72:

morum quoque filius,

like his father in character, Juv. 14, 52:

ne te ignarum fuisse dicas meorum morum, leno ego sum,

i. e. my trade, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 6:

in publicis moribus,

Suet. Tib. 33; 42.—

Transf.

Quality, nature, manner; mode, fashion:

haec meretrix fecit, ut mos est meretricius,

Plaut. Men. 5, 4, 8:

mores siderum,

qualities, properties, Plin. 18, 24, 56, § 206:

caeli,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

Carneadeo more et modo disputare,

manner, Cic. Univ. 1:

si humano modo, si usitato more peccāsset,

in the usual manner, id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9:

Graeco more bibere,

id. ib. 1, 26, 66:

apis Matinae More modoque,

after the manner of, like, Hor. C. 4, 2, 27:

Dardanius torrentis aquae vel turbinis atri More furens,

Verg. A. 10, 604:

more novalium,

Col. 3, 13, 4:

caeli et anni mores,

Col. 1, Praef. 23:

omnium more,

Cic. Fam. 12, 17, 3; so,

ad morem actionum,

Quint. 4, 1, 43:

elabitur anguis in morem fluminis,

like, Verg. G. 1, 245:

in hunc operis morem,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 63:

pecudum in morem,

Flor. 3, 8, 6:

morem vestis tenere,

mode, fashion, Just. 1, 2, 3.—

A precept, law, rule ( poet. and postAug.):

moresque viris et moenia ponet,

precepts, laws, Verg. A. 1, 264; cf.:

pacis inponere morem,

id. ib. 6, 852:

quod moribus eorum interdici non poterat,

Nep. Ham. 3:

quid ferri duritiā pugnacius? sed cedit, et patitur mores,

submits to laws, obeys, is tamed, Plin. 36, 16, 25, § 127:

ut leo mores Accepit,

Stat. Ach. 2, 183:

in morem tonsa coma, = ex more ludi,

Verg. A. 5, 556.

1 standard, model (modelo).

seguir una pauta to follow an example

2 guideline.

3 pattern, customary or habitual practice.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: pautar.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: pautar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (norma) rule, guideline; (modelo) model, pattern

2 (en el papel) lines plural

3 MÚSICA staff

\

marcar la pauta to set the standard, establish the guidelines

pauta de comportamiento standard of behaviour

* * *

1) (=modelo) model; (=guía) guideline; (=regla) rule, guide

2) [en papel] lines pl

* * *

1) ( guía) guideline

2) ( de un papel) lines (pl); ( pentagrama) (Chi) stave, staff

* * *

= guideline, pattern.

Ex. It should be noted that the present guidelines are intended to govern the display of authority and reference entries in print and micro-print only.

Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.

----

* marcar la pauta en = lead + the way in.

* marcar las pautas = set + the tone, establish + the tone.

* pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].

* pautas de actuación = best practices.

* * *

1) ( guía) guideline

2) ( de un papel) lines (pl); ( pentagrama) (Chi) stave, staff

* * *

* * *

A (norma, guía) guideline

establecieron las pautas a seguir they established the guidelines o criteria to be followed

las pautas de comportamiento que les fueron inculcadas the rules o norms of behavior that were instilled in them

marcó pautas que muchos otros escritores siguieron he established guidelines o a model which many other writers followed

eso me dio la pauta de lo que había pasado that gave me a clue as to what had happened

1 (de un papel) lines (pl)

( Esp) tb pauta de libro bookmark

C ( Chi) (pentagrama) stave, staff

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

◊ pautas de comportamiento rules o norms of behavior

* * *

pauta nf

1. [modelo] standard, model;

dar o [m5] marcar la pauta to set the standard;

seguir una pauta to follow an example

2. [en un papel] guideline

* * *

f guideline;

marcar la pauta set the guidelines

* * *

pauta nf

1) : rule, guideline

2) : lines pl (on paper)

manner, customary law, decency, tradition, custom

* * *

custom

* * *

custom, tradition; customary law; manners, proper behavior

http://www.Balifolder.com

* * *

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПЕРЕМЫВАТЬ < МЫТЬ>/ПЕРЕМЫТЬ КОСТОЧКИ < КОСТИ> (кому, чьи) coll

[VP; subj: human, pi; more often impfv]

=====

⇒ to talk unkindly about s.o. behind his back, discuss and criticize s.o.'s behavior in detail:

- X-ы перемывают косточки Y-y ≈ Xs are picking (tearing) Y to pieces;

- Xs are gossiping about Y;

- Xs are dishing the dirt about Y.

     ♦ "Слыхал, наверно, что тут про меня плели?.. Ну про фронтовика моего? Слыхал. Был тут у нас в войну один человек... Ну дак от него письмо. Сюда собирается... То-то опять начнут перемывать косточки..." (Абрамов 1). "I'm sure you've heard the gossip about me, haven't you?... You know-about my soldier. You heard. About the man who was here during the war....Well, the letter's from him. He's planning on coming here, so they'll start tearing me to pieces again soon" (1a).

     ♦ Женщины оживают, встряхиваются, их освеженный мозг вспоминает совершенно неожиданного человека, чьи косточки они, оказывается, забыли перемыть (Искандер 3). The women would revive and rouse themselves, their refreshed minds would suddenly recall that there was someone they had completely forgotten to gossip about (3a).

—————

• ПРИВЫЧКА - ВТОРАЯ НАТУРА

[saying]

=====

⇒ a longtime behavior that has become routine for or customary to s.o. is so much a part of him that it is hard to change or alter it. - custom (habit) is a second nature; old habits die hard; [when used to justify ones actions](one did sth.) from (out of) force of habit.

custom, tradition. 2 customary law. 3 manners, proper behavior.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀποστρέφω fut. ἀποστρέψω; 1 aor. ἀπέστρεψα. Pass.: fut. ἀποστραφήσομαι LXX; 2 aor. ἀπεστράφην; pf. ἀπέστραμμαι (Hom.+).

① gener. to turn someth. away from someth., turn away, freq. τὶ ἀπό τινος (BGU 955, 1; Ex 23:25; Job 33:17; Pr 4:27; Sir 4:5 al.) lit. of bodily gestures ἀπὸ τ. ἀληθείας τ. ἀκοὴν ἀ. turn away one’s ear fr. the truth=be unwilling to listen to the truth 2 Ti 4:4. ἀ. τὸ πρόσωπον (oft. LXX) turn away one’s face 1 Cl 18:9 (Ps 50:11). ἀπέστραπται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ his face is turned away 16:3 (Is 53:3). ἀπεστραμμένοι ἦσαν they (i.e. their faces) were turned away Hv 3, 10, 1.

② to cause change in belief or behavior, fig. ext. of 1.

ⓐ positive turn, turn away, ἀ. ψυχὴν εἰς τὸ σωθῆναι turn a soul to salvation 2 Cl 15:1 (cp. PsSol 18:4). τ. ὀργὴν ἀπό τινος (cp. 1 Macc 3:8) turn away wrath fr. someone Hv 4, 2, 6. ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ will remove ungodliness fr. Jacob Ro 11:26 (Is 59:20). Prob. also Ac 3:26 (w. numerous translators; cp. Job 33:17), but some interpret intr. (cp. Ezk 3:18, 19, 20; Sir 8:5; 17:26: B-D-F §308; Rob. 800).

ⓑ neg. mislead ἀ. τὸν λαόν mislead the people, cause them to revolt Lk 23:14 (cp. 2 Ch 18:31; Jer 48:10); Ac 20:30 D (foll. by ὀπίσω ἑαυτῶν). τ. γυναῖκας κ. τὰ τέκνα mislead, alienate Lk 23:2 v.l. (Marcion).

③ turn away from by rejecting, reject, repudiate mid. (also 2d aor. pass. in act. sense) ἀ. τινά or τὶ (so w. acc. since Aristoph., Pax 683; X., Cyr. 5, 5, 36; PSI 392, 11 [III B.C.] ὁ δεῖνα οὐκ ἀπεστραμμένος αὐτόν; PGM 13, 620 Σάραπι, … μὴ ἀποστραφῇς με; Hos 8:3; Jer 15:6; 3 Macc 3:23; 4 Macc 1:33; 5:9; τὴν δέησιν ἡμῶν PsSol 5:5; EpArist 236; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 93 al.; Jos., Ant. 4, 135; 6, 340; 20, 166) ἀ. με πάντες everybody has turned away fr. me 2 Ti 1:15. ἀ. τὸν ἐνδεόμενον turn away fr. the needy D 4:8; 5:2; B 20:2. ἀ. τὸν θέλοντα ἀπὸ σοῦ δανείσασθαι turn away fr. him who wants to borrow fr. you Mt 5:42. ἀ. τὸν ἀπʼ οὐρανῶν reject the one fr. heaven Hb 12:25. τὴν ἀλήθειαν Tit 1:14 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 25 §99 τὴν πολιτείαν=reject the form of government; Jos., Ant. 2, 48 τὴν ἀξίωσιν; 4, 135). ὅτι οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ἐπʼ αὐτούς because (God) did not turn away (in wrath) against them GJs 8:1; but the unusual phrase has undergone other interpretation, s. 5. For Ac 3:26 s. 2a.

④ to return someth. to its customary place, return, put back τὶ Mt 27:3 v.l.; ἀ. τ. μάχαιραν εἰς τ. τόπον αὐτῆς Mt 26:52 (cp. Jer 35:3).

⑤ turn back w. 2 aor. pass. in act. sense (Heraclides Pont., Fgm. 49 Wehrli: the statue of Hera ἀπεστράφη=turned around; Noah’s raven οὐκ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, cp. ApcMos 42) fig. ἀπεστράφησαν ἐν τ. καρδίαις εἰς Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:39 D. Various forms of GJs 8:1 (s. 3 end; the text of Tdf. and the vv.ll. in de Strycker) point to the rendering because (Mary) did not turn back to go with them.—DELG s.v. στρέφω. M-M. TW.

ἀρετή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+, a term denoting consummate ‘excellence’ or ‘merit’ within a social context, hence freq. w. δικαιοσύνη; cp. the tripartite appraisal Pla., Protag. 329c: δικαιοσύνη, σωφροσύνη, ὁσιότης). Exhibition of ἀρετή invites recognition, resulting in renown or glory. In Homer primarily of military valor or exploits, but also of distinction for other personal qualities and associated performance that enhance the common interest. The term is a favorite subject in Stoic thought relating to morality. Theognis 147f summarizes Gk. thinking: ἐν δὲ δικαιοσύνῃ συλλήβδην πᾶσʼ ἀρετή ʼστι,| πᾶς δέ τʼ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός, Κύρνε, δίκαιος ἔων=in a word, Cyrnus, all excellence lies in uprightness, and a good person is one who is upright.

① uncommon character worthy of praise, excellence of character, exceptional civic virtue (Theognis 147; Aristot., EN a detailed discussion of ἀ.; s. indexes in OGI, SIG, IPriene, et al.; Herm. Wr. 9, 4; 10, 9; Wsd; 2, 3, 4 Macc; EpArist; Philo; Jos., Ant. 1, 113 al.; διὰ τὴν ἀ. Orig. C. Cels. 5, 2, 26 [as distinguished merit]; τέσσαράς φησιν εἶναι ἀρετάς Hippol., Ref. 1, 19, 16 [in a list of virtues]; Did., Gen. 102, 15; 17 [accompanied by ‘trouble’]) Phil 4:8 (w. ἔπαινος, in ref. to recognition of distinguished merit that was customary in Gr-Rom. society; cp. AcJ 5 [Aa II/1, 153, 29]). W. πίστις (as OGI 438, 6ff ἄνδρα διενένκαντα πίστει καὶ ἀρετῇ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ εὐσεβείαι=a gentleman distinguished for fidelity, admirable character, uprightness [concern for people], and devotion [to deities]; cp. Dssm. LO 270 [LAE 322]; Danker, Benefactor 460–61) ἐπιχορηγήσατε ἐν τῇ πίστει ὑμῶν τὴν ἀρετήν bring the finest character to your commitment 2 Pt 1:5a; ἐν δὲ τῇ ἀρετῇ τὴν γνῶσιν and to the finest character knowledge 5b. ἐνδύσασθαι πᾶσαν ἀ. δικαιοσύνης put on every virtue of uprightness (=‘aspire to the highest standards of uprightness’; opp. πονηρία, which is low-grade behavior; on the rhetorical form s. HFischel, HUCA 44, ’73, 119–51) Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4. ἐργάζεσθαι πᾶσαν ἀ. καὶ δικαιοσύνην Hs 8, 10, 39 (=be a model member of the human community); cp. m 12, 3, 1; διώκειν τὴν ἀ. 2 Cl 10:1. ἀ. ἔνδοξος Hm 6, 2, 3.

② manifestation of divine power, miracle (a usage in keeping w. the primary mng.; Oenom. in Eus., PE 5, 22, 4; SIG 1151, 2; 1172, 10 πλείονας ἀρετὰς τ. θεοῦ, see on this Dittenberger’s note 8 w. further exx. and lit.; 1173, 5; MAI 21, 1896, 77; POxy 1382 [II A.D.]; Sb 8026, 1; 8266, 17 [261/260 B.C.] of the miracles of the deity Amenothis; PGM 5, 419; Philo, Somn. 1, 256; Jos., Ant. 17, 130; s. Dssm., B 90–93 [BS 95f]; Nägeli 69; OWeinreich, Neue Urkunden zur Sarapisrel. 1919, index; SReiter, Ἐπιτύμβιον, Swoboda Festschr. 1927, 228–37), also that which causes such things: the power of God (IG IV², 128, 79 [280 B.C.]; PGM 4, 3205; Herm. Wr. 10, 17; Jos., Ant. 17, 130 ἀ. τοῦ θείου; cp. 1, 100) 2 Pt 1:3 (Dssm., B 277ff [BS 360ff]).—In accordance w. a usage that treats ἀ. and δόξα as correlatives (ἀ.=excellence that results in approbation and therefore δόξα=renown), which finds expression outside the OT (Is 42:8, 12) in the juxtaposition of the two terms (Herodian; Pausanias, Arcadia 52, 6 ins on a statue in honor of Philopoemen at Tegea; Dionys. Hal.; Diod. Sic. 2, 45, 2 of a woman, self-styled ‘Daughter of Ares’, reputed for her valor; s. Wetstein on 2 Pt 1:3), the LXX transl. הוֹד majesty, high rank (Hab 3:3; Zech 6:13; cp. Il. 9, 498 ἀ. w. τιμή and βίη; 23, 578 w. βίη) and also תְּהִלָּה praise sg. (Is; cp. Od. 14, 402 ἀ. w. ἐϋκλείη ‘good repute’) with ἀ. pl. The latter sense ‘praise’ (pl.=laudes) has been maintained for 1 Pt 2:9, which is probably influenced by Is 42:12; 43:21. It is poss. that Semitically oriented auditors of 1 Pt interpreted the expression along such lines, but Gr-Rom. publics would in the main be conditioned to hear a stress on performance, which of course would elicit praise (cp. Plut., Mor. 535d).—AKiefer, Aretalogische Studien, diss. Freib. 1929; VLongo, Aretalogie nel mondo Greco: I, Epigrafi e Papiri ’69; MSmith, JBL 90, ’71, 174–99; JKube, ΤΕΧΝΗ und ΑΡΕΤΗ ’69; Danker, Benefactor ’82, passim.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἔθος, ους, τό (Trag.+).

① a usual or customary manner of behavior, habit, usage καθὼς ἔ. τισίν (EpArist 311; Jos., Ant. 20, 28; Iren. 1, 20, 1 [Harv. I 177, 9]) as the habit of some people is Hb 10:25; cp. J 19:40; Ac 25:16. ἔθος ἔχειν be accustomed w. inf. foll. (Philo, Deus Imm. 167) 19:14 D. ἐπορεύθη κατὰ τὸ ἔ. he went, as usual, as was his wont Lk 22:39 (cp. Lucian, Alex. 54; POxy 370; PLond II, 171b, 19 p. 176 [III A.D.]; Bel 15 Theod.). ὡς ἔθος αὐτοῖς λέγειν (cp. 1 Macc 10:89; 2 Macc 13:4; PFay 125, 5 ὡς ἔθος ἐστί σοι) as they are accustomed to say MPol 9:2. cp. 13:1. 18:1; cp. 9:2 ἕτερα, ὧν ἔ. αὐτοῖς λέγειν.

② long-established usage or practice common to a group, custom τὰ ἔ. τὰ πατρῷα the customs of the fathers Ac 28:17 (Just., D. 63, 5; SIG 1073, 20f κατὰ τὸ πάτριον ἔθος; Jos., Bell. 7, 424; 4 Macc 18:5 v.l.; Just., D. 87, 3 κατὰ τὸ παλαιὸν ἔ.). τὰ ἔ. ἃ παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν Μωϋσῆς the customs that Moses handed down 6:14; cp. 15:1 (on the dat. τῷ ἔθει cp. PHolm 2, 18 τῇδε τάξει=acc. to this recipe); 16:21 (ἤθη v.l.); τοῖς ἔ. περιπατεῖν live acc. to our customs (way of life) 21:21 (DBalch, ‘… you teach all the Jews’ etc.: SBLSP ’93, 369–83); τὰ κατὰ Ἰουδαίους ἔ. customs of the Judeans (cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 286) 26:3 (ἠθῶν v.l.); κατὰ τὸ ἔ. τῆς ἱερατείας as the custom is in the priestly office Lk 1:9; cp. GJs 24:1; κατὰ τὸ ἔ. τῆς ἑορτῆς acc. to the custom (prevailing) at the festival 2:42 (on κατὰ τὸ ἔ. cp. pap in Dssm., NB 79 [BS 251f]; ins in SIG, index). τὰ ἐγχώρια ἔθη the customs of the country Dg 5:4; w. country and language 5:1.—B. 1358. Schmidt, Syn. IV 570–75, s. λαός. DELG s.v. εἴωθα; Frisk s.v. ἔθος and ἔθων (also s. LfgrE s.v. ἔθων). M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.